Issetjar ta' Air Rifle u lis-Scope ghal Field Target Sports.

Issetjar ta' Air Rifle u lis-Scope

ghal Field Target Sports.

Dan huwa ktieb ta’ struzjonijiet ghal issetjar ta’ lis-scope fuq air rifle. Dan ghandu jintuwza mal- ktieb l-iehor “ Teknika ghal Field Target Sports”.
Dawn iz-zewg kotba gew maqluba ghal-Malti mil-kotba originali mahruga mill-BFTA (British Field Target Association) mill- MASC ( Malta Airgun Shooting Club).

Indici.
1. Introduzjoni
2. Preparazjoni tal air rifle.
3. Immuntar ta’ lis-scope.
3.1. L-gholi tal-mounts u ic-cip.
3.2. Iccentrar u issetjar tat-turrets.
3.3. Kief tinstalla il-mounts.
3.4. Iffukar tal-Eyepiece u il-Crosshairs
3.5. Issetjar tac-centru ottiku fl-ahjar distanza.
3.6. Issetjar tal-crosshairs.
3.7. L-ahhar issetjar il-windage.
4. Kief tistabilixxi tragetorja tal-pellet
4.1. Kief taghazel id-distanza taz-zero tieghek.
4.2. Systemi kief timmarka lis-scope.
4.3. Zenith tat-Trajectorja u l-uwzu ta turrets mil-qieh.
4.4 Kief tkompli il-qbija tat-tragetorja.
5. Issib id-distanza billi tirrangaw il-Parlallax.
5.1. X’inhu il-Parallax?
5.2. Tipi ta’ issetjar ghal - Parallax
5.3. Kalibrar tal-P/A biex issib id-distanza.
6. Ballistika Spjegata.
6.1. Ghala 0.177 u mhux calibru iehor.
6.2. Trajectorja osservata bl-scope.
6.3. Minute-of-Angle (MOA)
6.4. Jekk izzid l-gholi ta’ lis-scope.
7. Tikkumpensa ghat-tragetoria bil-Holdover.
7.1. X’inhu il- Holdover?
7.2. Multi-Aimpoint jew MILDOTS
7.3. Tiz-zerowja meta tuwza il-Holdover

1.Introduzjoni

L-ghan ta’ dan il-ktieb huwa, mhux biex jghallem persuna kief tispara fil-Field Target jew kief tispara air rifle. Qabel tuzaw dan il-ktieb huwa necessarju li-inti tkun struwit kief timmanigja air rifle, u il mizuri ta’ sigurta li trid taplika u tuwza, u jkollok ideja bazika tal-arma tieghek.
Dan il-ktieb jassumi li inti kapaci tispara air rifle f’gruppi Konsistenti fuq targets tal-karti u lest li tissetja l-air gun u lis-scope tieghek bl-aqwa methodu possibli biex takwista tiri sparati b’ezatteza f’distanzi bejn 10 metri sa 50 metru.
Dan il-ktieb jassumi li inti ghandek air rifle ta’ kalibru 0.177 u scope li tista tigi ssetjata. Hafna mil-istruzjonijiet huma relatati ma’ “dailing” tat-turrets li jkolla lis-scope, biss ghal dawk li ma juzawx it-turrets imma juzaw il-“mildots” hemm capitlu numru 7 li jitratta dan is-sugget. Dan il-ktieb mhux qied hemm biex jikkontradixxi xi ghalliema profesjonali anzi huwa gwida biex jghin fil-process lil memberi godda halli jissetjaw dan l-apparat. Kemm l-instructor u kief ukoll il-membru il-gdid, armati b’dan il-ktieb, jistaw inaqsu z-zemien biex jigi ssetjat rifle min gimghat ghal gurnata jew tnejn. L-awtur jittama li dan il-ktieb jghin lil memberi il-godda jissetjaw bla dubju u b’methodu sistematiku.

Wayne K. Hudson
November 2002

Dan il-ktieb huwa maqlub ghal-Malti mill MASC. Provajna inzommu il-kliem tekniku kemm jista jkun mal-original. Biss certu elementi relatati mal-ligi Ingliza gew imnehhija.

2. Preparazjoni tal-air rifle.

NOTA: Dan il-ktieb kien miktub ghal udjenza fl-Ingilterra, ghallura certu partijiet mhumiex maqluba ghal-Malti jew gew imodifikati mill MASC (Malta Airgun Shooting Club).

Huwa importanti li l-air rifle ikun kapaci jihaq certu specifici.
1. Ir –rifle irid ikollu sahha ta 12 ft/lbs jew aktar u dejjem tuwza tip ta’ pellet wahda.
2. Il-grillu irid ikollu gibda konsistenti prefibilment jissetja ruhu.
3. Ir-rifle irid itik konsistenza bil-pellet li tuwza.
F’Malta L-MASC tirraperesenta il WFTF ( World Field Target Federation). F’ Malta ma’ hemx limitu ta’ sahha ghal air rifle ghax l-air rifles huma kolla licenzjati. Fl-FT il-limitu huwa sa issa ta’ 12 Ft/Lbs. Dan min habba il-fatt illi gewwa l-Ingilterra u pajjizi ohra air rifles sa din is-sahha huma popolari, ghax jinxtraw bla-licenzja. Biss f’pajjizi ohra fl-Ewropa , l-Amerika u fl-Afrika li huma membri ukoll fil WFTF ma ghandhomx limitu bhal f’Malta.

It-trigger ta’ kull tip ta’ air rifle huwa differenti ghalhekk iccekja mal-manual li gie mar-rifle tieghek ghal detallji kief dan tista tissetjah,
Fil-FT hafna jipreferu trigger hafif biss hawn wiehed irid joqod hafna attent, ghax jekk trigger ikun hafif izzejed, dan jista jispara wahdu jekk ikun ikkokjjat, bizzejed tahbat ir-rifle.Huwa importanti li il-grillu jkun allenjat u jintlahaq sewwa mit-tiratur. Dan jista jigi issetjat jekk ikun maghamul jissetja mil-fabrika. Meta thaddan ir-rifle ma spaltek l-id tal-grillu trid issib posta naturali u il-giba fuq il-grillu trid tkun diretta minghajr sforz biex dan jintlahaq. IL-grillu trid timmubtah bic-catt ta’ subajk u mhux mil-ewwel jew it-tieni kisra f’subjak.
Jekk il-grillu ma’ jissetjax u d-distanza qasira jew twila l-butt plate ta’ lis-stock trid tinbidel. Jekk dan mhux possibli trid tiehu lis-stock ghand persuna kompitenti biex timodifikalek ic-cip. F’termin ta’ selezjoni ta’ pellets u kemm huma ezatt, dan il-ktieb jassumi li it-tiratur ga ghandu ideja x’hawn tajjeb u xi jispara tajjeb ir-rifle tieghu.

Normalment wiehed ghandu tendenza li-jghalaq dik l-ghajn li ma jimmirax bijha meta jispara. Biss huwa ta’vantagg kbir li wiehed jitghallem kief jispara b’ghajnejh it-tnejn miftuha. L-ikkalkular tad-distanza tista tkun difficli jekk ma’ jikollokx ghanjnejk it-tnejn miftuha.u rilassati. Jekk ikollok invell armat ma’ lis-scope huwa difficilisimu li ticcekja jekk l-arma hix livel sakem l-ghajn li ma’ timmirax bijha ma’ tarax dan il-livel. B’ghanjnek it-tnejn miftuha tista wkoll tosserva il-madwar ghal effetti tar-rih. Din hija teknika u ma’ tigix naturali ghal-bniedhem, imma issaraf hafna meta tidraha.

La darba dawn tkun preparjathom nistghu nimxu pass iehor.

3. Immuntar ta’ lis-Scope

3.1. L-gholi tal-mounts mal-pozizjoni tal-wicc.

Sakemm iggib l-gholi tal-mounts tajjeb jista ikun li-tiswilek daqs xejn flus. Iggib l-gholi tal-mounts sewwa tfisser, aktar kumdita u aktar targets milquta. Jekk iggib dan l-gholi hazin iffisser, nuqqas ta’ kumdita, frustrazjoni, u nqas targets milquta. Il-fattur principali huwa li tuwza set ta’ mounts li jtauwk spazju bizzejed bejn quddiem ta’ lis-scope u il-kanna tal-airgun. Jekk lis-scope tkun vicin jew tmiss il-kanna dan ikun difficli biex tissetja, u anki jista jghati il-kaz li ccaqlaq il-kanna. Fattur iehor huwa il-pozizjoni ta’ rasek. Jekk lis-scope tkun immuntata baxxa hafna, jaf ikollok taghawweg rasek u tissilet mac-cip biex taghara mil lis-scope. Bil-kontra jekk timmunta lis-scope gholja hafna, jew ma’ jsserahx wiccek sewwa mac-cip, jew toqod tixxabat biex taghara sewwa. Stocks li ghandhom ic-cip jissetja, naqsu il-problema, ghaliex sakem il-parti ta’ quddiem ta’ lis-scope tista ddawara u ma’ tmisx mal-kanna, din tista tigi immuntata fl-gholi ghax ic-cip jigi issetjat biex jassiguraw alinjament u kumdita ghar-ras tat-tiratur. Xi tiraturi juzaw “Scope Enhancer”,din hija kappa tal-lastiku biex taqta d-dawl mil genb u b’hekk tara stampa aktar cara. Biss wiehed irid joqod attent li ma’ juzahhiex hazin. Din hija purament biex ittejb lis-stampa u mhux biex issib il-pozizjoni ta’ rasek.
Ta min jinota illi hemm effet fit-tragetorja meta tvarja l-gholi ta lis-scope ghara capitlu 6.4.

3.2. Ic-centrar tat-Turrets.

Nehhi il-covers tat-tarrets jekk ghandek u dawwar l-elevation turret kief idur l-arrlog sakem tieqaf (tisforzahhiex). Imbaghad dawara kontra l-arlogg u ghod in numur ta’ tidwir shieh per ezempju 6 dawrit u nofs 6 ½. Iddividi dan l-ammont bi tnejn u dawar it-turret, issa kif idur l-arlogg, jigifieri f’dan il kas 3 dawriet u quart 3 ¼. Hekk lis- scope gibta lejn ic-centru optiku taghha.

3.3. Twahhil tal-Mounts.

Nehhi il-viti min parti ta’fuq tal-mounts u poggi f’ post li issibhom ghax zghar u facli titlifhom. Holl il-viti tal-genb tal-mounts u zerzaq il-mounts fuq ir-rail ta fuq lir-rifle. Issikka dawn bil-mod imma sodi.
Aqbad lis-scope u poggia fuq il-mounts. Gharga poggi il-bicca ta’ fuq tal mounts u qabbad il viti. Issikhom b’ idejk biss.
Li-scope trid tkun tisista timxi il-quddiem u lura u iddur fuqa innifisa b’daqsxejn resistenza. Wara segwi dawn lisrtuzjonijiet li gejjin:
- Poggi bil-qeda mal-art bir-rifle fil-pozizjoni ghal lis-sparar.
- Poggi wiccek mac-cip naturali u komdu. Osserva is-scope u l-imagni. Normalment inti tiprova tfittex l-imagini u tibda tressaq rasek il-uddiem u lura bix issiba. Taghamlix hekk. Caqlaq lis-scope muhx rasek.
-Idetermina kief trid tersaq il-scope il-quddiem jew lura u ressaq lila sakem tara sewwa . L-imagini trid tkun cara u tara cirku iswed car mad dawra taghha. Tinsiex thalli spazju ta mil-inqas 2 pulzieri bejn ghajnek u lis-scope “eye relief”.
-Ippozizjona il-mounts sa kemm ikunu spazjati l-aktar ilboghod min xulxin fuq ir-rail tar-rifle, ghax hekk ikollok l-akbar stabilita ghal lis-scope. Wara issikkom sewwa.
-Bejn wiehed u iehor issetja il-cross hair verticali u horizontali billi iddawra fuqa nnifisa bla ma tmexxija il-quddiem u l-ura, u issika il- mounts bil moghod imma sewwa.

3.4. Iffukar tal-“Eyepiece” u il-“Crosshairs”

l-scope tieghek ghanda “Eyepiece” li-tissetja ruha, ghax kull persuna ghanda vista differenti. Jekk ma tkunx issetjata sewwa, il-mira tkun isha imzellega u tarraq ghanjnejk. Issetja il-paralax (focus) fl-infinit (∞), ittawal mil lis-scope lejn xi haga cara bhas-sema (mhux ix-xemx). Dawwar l-eyepiece sakhemm il-cross hairs jidru suwed, cari u definiti l-ahjar possibli ghal vista tieghek.

NOTA IMPORTANTI :
Min juwza PCP irid joqod attent hafna meta jaghamel dan lis-setjar. PCP minghar regulator mhux konstati min xhin timlieh sakem jitbatta jew jitbaxxa. Huwa importanti li-min juwza PCP ikun ghamel ezercizju biex jistabillixi dak li-jissejah “Heart of Fill” jigifieri iz-zona fejn il-PCP ikollu tiri kostanti ta’ mhux aktar min 10 piedi fis-sekonda (10ft/sec).
Biex wiehed jghamel dan ghandu bzonn:
1. Pellets listess u ikun jaf it-toqol taghhom.
2. Chronograph (appart li ikjjel is-sahha tat –tir u il-velocita tat-tir)
Il-Porcedura hija wahda semplici.
1. Imla il-PCP bl-arja tieghek kief jghidlek il-manifatur.
2. Immonta il-chronograph dahhal it-toqol tal-pellet.
3. Ibda spara tir u nizzel in numru tat-tir, il-velocita u is-sahha.
4. Kull ghaxr tiri nizzel il-pressa li qed jirregistra it-tank tal-PCP.
5. Ibqa spara sakem tasal f’punt il it-tiri ikunu fjakki.
6. Issa ikollok lista twila ta’ tiri u il-informazjoni u tista taghamel ghalizi.

Ghaqba grup ta’ 10 tiri u ahdem l-avrage tas-sahha u il-velocita.
Nizzel fuq karta ohra, in numru tal grup, il-pressa tal-arja, il-velocita avrage tal-grup u is-sahha tal-grup. Ghamel dan ghal gruppi kollha.

Issa fittex il-gruppi fejn il-velocita bejnithom mhix aktar min 10ft/sec. Dawn iridu ikun gruppi wara xulxin.
Meta issib dawan il-gruppi wara xulxin dan ikun il-famuz heart of fill tal-pcp tieghek.
Dan jurik il- pressa li trid tibda bija u kull grup isarraf 10 tiri.
Jekk ikollok per ezempju 3 gruppi wara xulxin b’differenza inqas min 10 ft/sec u il-pressa tibda min 160 Bar, dan iffisser li inti tiehu l-ahjar tal-PCP tieghek meta timla 160 Bar u tispara 30 tir.
Biex tiehu listess knosistenza trid terga timal 160 Bar wara it-teltin tir u tispara 30 ohra. L-settjar ta’ lis-scope irid isir fdin iz-zona inkella ma jkunx qed sewwa.

Ghalhekk huwa reccomandat ili timla skond xief sibt il-heart of fill u izzhom in numru ta’ pellets biss hdejk halli kief tuzhom kollha tinduna li trid timla mil-gdid.

3.5. Issetjar tac-centru ottiku fl-ahjar distanza.

Ghal Field Target l-aktar distanza kritika hija 50 metru. Din hija l-aktar distanza il-boghod, ghalekk lis-scope tieghek trid tahdem sewwa ghal din id-distanza. Ghalekk importanti li lis-scope tkun fic-centru ottiku meta it-turret tal-elevation tkun issetjata ghal din id-distanza. Dan iffisser li meta tkun issetjat ghal 50 metru, l-elevation turret tkun fic-centru tal-issetjar tahgha. Hemm raguni ohra ghaliex dan ghandu jsir. Xi scopes ma’ ghandhomx distanza twila ta’ ssetjar fuq it-turrets u jekk ma’ jkunux immuntati b’dan il methodu ikollok problema ghaliex it-turrets ma’ jghatukx aktar lok ta’ issetjar ghal distanzi twal. Ahna nistghu nakwistaw dan billi nixximjaw il-muntaga ta’ wara ta’ lis-scope. Issa wasal il-hin biex immorru fuq ir-range. Ghandek bzonn distanza ta’ 50 metru biex tissetja. Mil firing line kejjel ezatt ghaxar metri 10m, u poggi target fejn jigu l-ghar metri.
Ghaliex 10 metri ?
Dan ghaliex it-trajetorja ta’ hafna mil lis-scopes ghandhom listess punt ta’ impat f’ 10 metri bhal dak tal-hamsin metru 50 metru, dan jiddependi mil-gholi ta’ lis-scope. It-target irid ikun semplici salib (+) jidher sewwa fuq karta bajda. Din trid tkun kbira bissajed li tinduna li ilqatta u tara kemm il-pellet tieghek hija il-barra mic-centru. Jekk hallejt it-turrets iccentrati kief ghadna qabel, issa issetja il-paralax (focus) sakhem jigib is-salib (+) fuq il-target tal-kara car. Spara pellet immira lejn ic-centru tas-salib (+). Il-probabilita hija illi il-pellet tahbat l-isfel u lejn genb tas-salib (+). Gharga spara tlett (3) pellets ohra dejjem zomm ic-centru tas-salib (+) mac-centru tal-cross hairs biex tghara il-konsistenza tal-airgun tieghek. Ghalissa injora l-issetjar verticali (elevation) u ikkoregi dah orizzontali (windage). Holl il-kappep protetivi jekk ghandek fuq it-turret tal-windage. Issa dawwar it-turret tal-windage numru ta kliks. Inti trid taghamel dan bl-addoc ghalissa dawar numru zghir ta’ kliks daqs 5 jew 10 kull darba. Jekk inti ilqat fuq ix-xellug tas-salib dawwar lejn id-direzjoni tal-lemin indicata fuq il-windage turret. Wara gharga immira lejn ic-centru tas-salib u spara 3 tiri ohra. Osserva kull dara li il-punt ta’ impat qed jimxi. Ibqa sejjer hekk sakem inti tmexxi il-punt ta’impat mal linja il-wieqfa u ieqaf hemm. L-issetjar tal-windage mhux kritiku f’dan lis-stadju ghaliex dan irid jigi issetjat sewwa wara li il-muntag ta’ lis-scope ikun finalizat.
Ghaqbad target iehor karta bajda u ghamel linja horizontalin fin-nofs min naha ghal ohra u poggi fl-10 metri. Immira zhom il-crosshair horizontali fuq il-linja. Spara 3 tiri lejn il-linja. Jekk il punt ta impat jew “POI” ikun aktar min zewg pulzieri (50mm) taht ic-centru tal- linja ghallura dan iffisser li trid tgholli il-POI ghal ma’ fejn qed timmira billi tgholli in-naha ta’ wara ta lis-scope relattiv ma quddiem. Dan taghmalu billi tippakja ximmijiet bejn il-mount u lis-scope. Xim huwa’materjal flessibli u mhux compressabli. Hafna juzaw negattiva antika ta’film. Xi 2 jew 3 bicciet ta’ film impoggija bejn it-tubu centrali ta’ lis-scope u il-mount ta’ wara.. Ghaqta ftit bicciet daqs 15mm x 20mm. Immarka il-pozizjoni tal-mounts mar rifle b’lapes. Holl il mounts min mar-rail tar-rifle, u zerzaq lis-scope min fuq ir-rifle. Immarka b’lapes il-pozizjoni tal-mount ta’wara fuq it-tubu ta’ lis-scope. Holl il-viti tan naha ta’ fuq tal-mount ta’ wara sakem ikollok spazju bizzejjed biex iddahal bictej ximmijietbejn taht tat-tubu u il-mount ta’ wara. Kief iddahalhom issika il-viti bidejk biss. Issa zerzaq il-mount ta’ quddiem fuq ir-rail tar-rifle u imbagha qabbad it-tini mount ta’ wara. Wassal il-mount ta quddiem mal marka fuq ir-rail tar-rifle u issika sewwa. Wara iccekja li il-mount ta’ wara qeda mal-marka fuq it-tubu. Issika il-mount ta’ wara mar-rail tar-rifle u wara issika il parti ta’ fuq tal mount ma’ dik ta’ isfel sewwa.. (Nota: Tissikax aktar milli hemm bzonn ghaliex tista tghamel il-hsara.)

Issa se nisparaw u niccekjaw il-POI f’ghaxar 10 metri. Jekk il-pellet issa qeda tahbat sa’ pulzier jew 25mm mil-linja dan huwa tajjeb ghalhekk sa nghamul test iehor f’distanza ta’ hamsa u ghoxrin metru 25 metru. Jekk inti ma’ ghadekx f’distanza ta’ pulzier f’25 metri trid izzid jew tnehhi ix-ximmijit sakem tilhaq dan.
Issa poggi karta bajda kbira f’distanza ta’ 50 metru u pingi linja b’marker iswed mix-xellug sal lemin fin-nofs tal-karta.
Minghajr ma’ tmiss xi turret min kief kont f’10 metri ghara iffoka fuq il-line. Taghatix kas jekk it-tiri jaqw lejn ix-xellug jew il-lemin, iffoka u ic-centra il lina orizzontali bissi. Ahna se niccekjaw ghalissa l-elevation.
Jekk il-group ta’ pellets qed jaqa aktar min 4 pulzieri (100mm) l-isfel mil-linja, ghallura huwa rekkomadat biex izzid jew tnehhi xi ximmijiet. Minhabba illi 4 pulzieri differenza f’50metru isarfu ghal-nofs dawra ta’ turret u b’hekk tohrog il-scope barra mil-ahjar pozizjoni tat-turrets.
Jekk tista u jirnexxilek iggib il POI madwar 2 pulzieri (50mm) f’ 50 m bill tippakja ximmijiet taht il-mount ta’ wara u thalli it-turret tal-elevation fic-centru, ghallura lis-scope tieghek qeda issetjata biex tghati il-massimu taghha u anki ghal distanzi itwal. Dan ikol iffisser illi il-possibilta li issib range mil lis-scope huma aktar ezatt.

3.6. Issetjar tal-Crosshairs

Dan huwa bzonjuz biex tkun cert illi il-croshairs vertikali huma issetjati u allenjati tajjeb mal-action u il-kanna tar-rifle. Bl-Ingliz dan jghidulu “plumbing”. Ikollok bzonn spaga jew lenza u iddendel piz. Dan iddendlu u b’hekk ikollok referenza perfetta tal-vertical. Il-spaga trid tkun tidher sewwa possibilment tkun tan nylon kulur qawwi. Zomm catt ir-rifle u iccekjah b’invel. Hares mil lis-scope u ffoka fuq lis-spaga. Iccekja il-verticali tal-crosshair ma’ lis-spaga meta tkun invellat sewwa. Jekk ikunhemm hafna differenza mmarka t-tubu mal-mounts. Holl il-mounts li jizommu t-tubu ftit u dawar it-tubu sakem il-cross hair u lis spaga jigu allinjati. Iccekja li lis-scope ma’ ccaqlaqx min mal-marki u irrangha u ssika il-mounts.

3.7. Issetjar tal-Windage Finali.

Qabel nibdew nissetjaw ghat-tragetorja irridu nissetjaw tajjeb l-scope ghal windage jew direzjoni orizontali mal kanna ta’ lis-scope
Hemm hafna idejat differenti fuq l-iemha distanza wiehed irid jisetja il-windage. Imma zgur li-ma hemx dubju li l-ahjar huwa li tissetja f’ 50 metru, go range fil-mghaluq u bir-rifle imserrah sewwa.
Biss dan huwa impossibli ghal hafna ghax ma’ ghndhomx access ghal dan it-tip ta’ range. L-alternativa hija li tqassar id-distanzasa fejn il-pellet mhix affetwata bl-ebda tip ta’ rih. Dik id-distanza hija 15 il-metru. Jekk inti tissetja f’distanza hekk qasira, inti tkun tista tispara ahjar f’distanza itwal u bizzejed tajjeb, ghad-distanzi tal-Field Target.
Poggi target karta bajda u linja sewda Vertikali min fuq sa’ isfel fic-centru tal-karta. Immira lejn il-linja vertikali u spara pellet. Issa immira lejn it-toqba li ghamlet il-pellet u spara , Hekk se tara linja ta’ toqob tigi iffurmata bl-isstess distanza bejn il-pellets. Ghamel korrezjoni fit-turret tal-windage u erga immira lejn il-linja. Meta tkun zgur li il-pellets qedin mhux imorru l-hemm jew l-hawn mil-linja spara fuq il-linja f’punti differenti biex tikkonferma. Jekk lis-settjar ikun sewwa inti tkun tista tpingi linja ta’ pellets fuq il-line. Jekk le ghara ibda.

4 Kief tistabilixxi it-trajetoria

4.1. Ghazla tad-distanza Zero

“Zero”, fil- Field Target huwa daqs xejn stramb. Fil-Field Target wiehed ma jridx juwza zero u joqod jikkumpenza billi jikkalkula jekk jisparax il-fuq jew l-isfel (holdover/under) ghal distanzi differenti. Target shooters juzaw dak li jissejah “dial-in” u juzaw is-settjar korret ghal kull distanza. L-FT scopes ikollhom turrets itwal b’manku ikkalibrat u immarkat f’ 1 minute-of-angle (MOA) marki il-kbar, u dawk izghar ta ¼ MOA jew 1/8 MOA.
Dawn il-marki jibdew min Zero 0. Zero fil-field target iffisser dan:
Id-distanza u il-pozizjoni fuq it-turret tal-elevation min fejn is-settings l-ohra kollha huma referuti. Dqsekk semplici.
L-ghazla hija personali biss huwa suggerit li iz-zenith (L-aktar punt gholi) tat-tragetorja tal-pellet jintuwza, ghaliex jekk lis-setting kollha huma il-fuq min zero dan jghamel il-hajja facli u aktar semplici ghat-tiratur. Ovjament jekk taghamel bicca tape mat-turret u telimina l-MOA billi tnizzel id-distanzi diretta dan jigi fherm aktar facli. Bhekk inti tkun issetjat ghal kull distanza. Ghalhekk zero fil-field target huwa stramb.

4.2. Sistemi biex timmarka il-P/A (focus ring) u l-Elevation turret.

Qabel ma nibdew nissetjaw l-elevation fuq ir-range, huwa importanti li-nideccidu x ‘sistema se nuzaw biex nimarkaw is-“side wheel” jekk lis-scope ghanda din jew il-“objective bell” (focus) u l-elevation turret. Basikament hemm 3 sistemi li wiehed jista juwza.
(I) Immarkar tal-P/A u l- elevation turret bid-distanzi kull hames metri in 10 sa 50 metru.
Hawn trid taqra il-P/A u imbghad tidalia ir-range fuq l-elevation turret listess. Biss hemm cans li jkollok hafna griefex u numri fuq it-turret u facli tithawwad u tiehu zbal.

(II) Immarkar tal-P/A bid-distanza, mimma tuwza il-marki li ga’ jezistu fuq it-turret u tuwza kard ta’ referenza.

(III) Immarkar tal-P/A b’ elevation MOA.

Din issistema thallik tfittex ir-range mil P/A imbghad taqra L-MOA min fuq il-“focus bell” u tissetja it-turret skond dak l-MOA. Hemm hafna methodi li tista taghamel dan u x’tuwza bhala marki jew numri.

4.3. Zenith tat-Trajetoria u l-uwzu ta’ Turret li tibda mil-qieh.

L-ewwel pass biex tistabilixxi it-tragetorja ta rifle u lis-scope huwa li tiddetermina iz-zenith jew l-aktar post gholi fit-titjira tal-pellet. Ghal rifles li ghandhom energija ta 11-12 ftlbs b’mounts standard din normalment tkun bejn 20 u 30 metru. Biex issib l-aktar punt gholi trid tpoggi targets kull zewg metri u nofs 2.5m bejn l-ghoxrin u it-teletin metru. Bhall qabel it-targets huma semplici karta bajda b’lina horizontali fin nofs min-naha sa ohra. Spara lejn it-target li qied 25 metru il-boghod u issetja l-elevation sakem it-tiri jaqaw fuq il linja. Imbghad minghajr ma tmiss xejn aktar spara len il-linji fur it-targets li qed 20, 22.5, 27.5 u 30 metru il boghod wara xulxin, dejjem iccentra il-linja. It-target fejn jaqaw l-aktar fl-gholi mil-linja, hija id-distanza taz-zenith tat-tragetorja tar-rifle tieghek. Jekk sa’ tinstall “bottoming turret” (tibda min that net) issa huwa il-hin biex tghamel dan.
Xini “bottoming turret” ?
Din hija turret maghamula apposta ikbar li meta iddahalla fil-mekanizmu tat-turret tahbat ma taht ta lis-scope meta l-elevation ikun imdawwar ghal anzas setting. Din isservi ghal zewg ghanijiet.
L-ewwel ghan huwa li ghaliex hija akbar mit-turret li tigi mal lis-scope originali ghandek aktar spazju biex tikteb id-distanzi.
It-tieni raguni hija li certu scopes ghandhom 1/8 MOA u mhux ¼ MOA .F’ certu kazi dan iffisser li jista ikollok isetting bejn 8m u 55m jiehu aktar min dawra wahda tat-turret. Fuq scope li-ghanda 6 dawrietjew aktar fit-turret huwa importanti li inti tkun qed id-dawwar fil-post it-tajjeb. Jekk timmisja target ghax tkun dawra kolla barra tkiserk biex tinduna u thassarlek kompetizjoni.
Il-bottoming turret tipreveni dan milli jigri, ghaliex din tieqaf mal-frame ta’ lis-scope.meta it-tragetorja hija l-ghola jew maz-zenith.
Kull meta titatur jaseb illi mar olter dawra jista semplicitament idawwar luwra sakem l-scope tieqaf u imbghad jerga issib is-setting it- tajjeb ghad-distanza li se jispara.
4.4. Tkomplija tal-kumplament tat-tragetorja.

L-ewwel kun cert li r-rifle ghandu arja bizzejed. Dan huwa importanti f’PCP li mghandhomx regulator.ghaliex jekk dan is-setting ma jsirx fil-heart of fill is-settings ma jkunux sewwa. Dan jurik ghax iz-zero tieghek dejjem ivarja. Ikkonferma b’ chronograph li ir-rifle qed jghatik l-energija li suppost jew velocity u zomm dejjem listess pellet.
Issa inti se tiprocedi fuq l-ghazla taz-zero tieghek.
Jekk inti per ezempju trid tizzeroja f’35m ghal lura trid tibda tispara dik id-distanza,Ovjament jekk inti se tuwza Bottoming turret trid taghmel iz-zenith l-ewwel biex tillokja it-turret mal frame ta’ lis-scope l-ewwel haga. Sa issa inti suppost ga iddecidejt lima tip ta immarkar tal p/a u turrets se tuwza. Issa trid tkun go range tal-ghanqaz 50 metru tul. Kejjel id-distanza u poggi target bejn 20 sa 50 metru kull 5 metri.
Injora dak kollu that l-20metru ghal issa u kejjel mil-lenti.
Bhal ma uzajna qabel karta bajda b’ linja horizontali f’nofsa min naha sa ohra. Il linja prova ghamila b’marker listess hxuna tal-pellet.Mhex ghalfejn linji vertikali . Zomm il cross hair horizontali fuq il linja orizontali dejjem. Ibda spara lejn it-target li ghazilt bhala iz-zero tieghek u issetja sakem it-tiri jaqw fuq il-linja.

Issa issetja id-dial ghal zero. Biex taghmel hekk holl it-turret bilmod dan ilkollu 3 viti irqaq imbghad dawru minghajr ma tiklikja, nizzel il-marka 0 mal marka tal- frame ta lis-scope u issikah. Tista twahal tape ma id-dawra u tnizzel i-distanza fuq it-turret. Issa la issetjat iz-zero tista tmur ghat target l-iehor li qieghed 5 meteri aktar il-boghod. Bhal qabel spara u issetja sakem il-pellets jahbtu mal linja u immarka id-distanza fuq it turret u nizzel fuq karta in numru ta kiks jew MOA miz-zero tieghek. Kompli hekk sakem tkun ghamilt id-distanzi kollha min 20 sa 50 metru importanti li jew timmark it-turrets bid distanza u tnizzel nota tal-MOAs miz-zero ghal dawn id-distanzi kollha.
Importanti huwa li kull darba li tissetja tinsiex tissetja il focus biex ikollok stampa cara ghal kull target u tnehhi dak li-jghidulu zbal tal- parallax. Huwa rekkomandati il inti tissetja jew timmarka is-side wheel jew il focus ring ghad-distanzi wkoll waqt li tissetja it-turrets, biss dan se nitratwh il-quddiem f’dan il-ktieb.
Meta id-distanzi majjuri bejn 20 u 50 metru ikun lesti issa tista tissetja id-distanzi min 20 sa 10 metri. It-targets normalment ma iserhux aktar vicin min 20 metru bis qat ma tista tghid. Hawn tista tghamel setting ghal kull metru jew wiehed ghal 15 u ghaxra ikunu bizzejed.
Dan jidependi mil-gholi ta lis-scope min fuq il-kanna gieli ikun aktar min dawra wahda tat-turret ilfuq miz-zenith. Dan jista jidher stramb ghal ewwel bis dan jigi spjegat f’kapitlu 6.
Wara li tissetj u tikteb u timmarka it-turrets erga iccekja kull distanza
Matul is-setting uwza rest bhal bipod, hu hsieb l-arja u uwza dejjem b’listess pellets. Meta tkun kuntent bir-rizultati ikun il-hin li nghamlu is-setting tal-Parallax biex infitxu id-distanza mil lis-scope ezatta.

5. Insibu id-distanza billi nikoregu il-Parallax

5.1. X’inu Parallax?

Parallax huwa muviment relattiv tat-target mil-lenti meta inti iccaqlaq rask il-fuq jew lisfel, waqt li qed thares go l-eypiece ta’ lis-scope tieghek. Dan jigri meta t-target mhux dejjem jigi fl-istess pjan tal-lenti. Biex dan jigi eliminat certu scopes ghandhom lenti jew rota li-tista tissetja. It-tiratur irid jissetja il-focus min ir-rota fil-genb jew tubu fuq quddiem waqt li jihares min gol lenti. Meta kemm il- crossahair u kief ukoll it-target huma iffokati sewwa, bl-scope ssetjata bl-akbar magnifikazjoni hawn nghidu li lis-scope hija hilsa min zbalji tal- parallax. Dik hija id-definizjoni ta’ parallax min naha tal-uwzu tal-lentijit fid-dinja tal-armi. Hafna mill lisparar isir f’ 100 metru b’armi tan- nar fejn il-lentijiet jahdmu ahjar. Bis fid-dina tal-airgun l-affarjiet huma differenti. Meta scopes li jkollhom magnification gholja jintuzaw f’ranges qosra taht is-75 metri, l-imagni jista ikun sfukat f’distanzi fejn il-lenti ma tkunx issetjata. Dan iffiser illi trid tiffoka ghal kull distanza li se tispara. Xi snin ilu gie skopert illi dan jaffetwa hafna f’scopes li ghandhom magnifikazjoni ta’ il fuq min 24X. F’distanzi li jintuzaw airguns stajt permezz ta’ dan tikkalkula id-distanza tat-target.
Jekk nimmarkaw il-parallax (focus) bid-distanzi meta it-target jigi car problema li kienet ugieh ta’ ras, issa saret ghodda tajjba ghal FT biex tinstab id-distanza.

5.2. Tipi differenti ta’ issetjar tal-Parallax.

Hemm 3 tipi. Tromba fuq quddiem ta’ lis-scope, rota fil-genb jew wara. Dawk li jissetjaw min wara ikollhom cirku iehor ghas-setting hdejn dak taz-zoom, dawn huma vera rari. Normalment fis-suq issibu dawk bil-parallax jissetja min quddiem jew min rota fil-genb.
i) Issetjar min Tromba fuq quddiem tal-parallax jew focus.
Dawn huma relattiviment mekanizmi semplici u normalment iqumu flus inqas min dawk bil-focus min rota fil-genb.
Biss jezistu modelli gholjin hafna wkoll bhal Leupold, Burris, Bausch&Lomb, dawn huma popolari fl-FT minhabba il-lentijiet eccezjonali taghhom. Fid-disin ta’ dawn it-tipi ta’ mudelli hemm daqsxejn zvantag egronomiku, ghaliex biex tissetja il-parallex waqt li-qied thares mil lis-scope f’pozizjoni bil-wieqfa jew ghal kulptejk hija daqsxejn difficli.
ii) Focus tal-parallax min rota fil-genb (Sidewheel)
Dawn saru aktar popolari fil-FT. Ghalkemm jiqumu daqs xejn aktar u hemm inqas ghazla dawn ghandhom vantag fuq il-mudel liehor.
Inti tista tilhaq facilment ir-rota tal-genb, hija hafna ahjar biex iddawra u aktar sensittiva biex taqra id-distanza. Normalment ikollhom side wheel zghira li tkun ikkalibrat kull 5 metri. Ir-rota iz-zghir tista tinbidel b’wahda akbar dan itik aktar issetjar delikat u fin.
5.3. Kief tikkalibra il-P/A biex tfittex id-distanzi.

Din hija l-aktar procedura difficli f’dan il-ktieb.
Waqt kompetizjoni FT kull ma’ taghamel ma jiswa xejn jekk inti ma’ jirnexxilekx tikkalkula id-distanza ezatta, ghal hekk issaraf hafna jekk taghamel dan l-ezercizju sewwa. Dan huwa rekkomandat fil-verita qabel tissetja lis-scope.
Ghandek bzon range li-ikollu 50 metru fond. Ghandek bzonn ukoll rutella u targets. Huwa importanti li tuwza it-targets il-propja biex tissetja id-distanza. In-nockdown Field targets huma l-ahjar ghazla ghax dawn huma l-unika sors biex tikkalkula d-distanza waqt kompetizjoni FT. Akwista zewg targets FT u sprajja wiehed izewd bil-hit zone bajda. U liehor abjab b’hit zone sewda.
Poggijhom distanza u spara ghalijhom b’daqs 10 pellets fuq kull wiehed. Dan biex tohloq kuntrast bejn iz-zeba u il-metal ta taht. Dawwar bicca nylon b’kulur vivaci mat toqba fil-facplate biex tkun tista issib il focus ezatt. Issa dawwar bicca masking tape mad-dawra tal-P/A biex tkun tista tikteb id-distanza. Uwza fine tip marker biex tikteb irqieq u car. Hawn min juwza transfers li-meta torokhom jibqu fuq il wicc. Issa trid tiddecidi liehma systema ta’ immarkar tal-P/A se tuwza ghara capitlu 4.2. Huwa fat illi iktar ma’ zid id-distanza id-differenza fil parallax il marki jonqsu u jidhlu f’xulxin wara distanza ta’ 75 metru ghal infinit. Normalment id-distanza bejn 20 metru u 25 metru fuq side wheel ta’ 5 pulzieri hija 25mm. Bejn 50 u 55 metru din taqa ghal 5mm. Konsegwenza ta’ dan f’distanzi itwal ikun kwaqzi impposibli biex issib id-distanzi ezat b’dan il-methodu. L-20 metru huwa il-post idejali biex nibdew. Dan huwa il-fuq mil limitu ta’ linqas distanza biex tiffoka ghal lis-scope u mhux daqsek boghod biex issibu.
Poggi iz-zewg targets ezat 20 metru il-boghod mil-lenti ta’ lis-scope. Huwa importanti li quddiem ta lis-scope jintuza bhala punt a riferiment ghat tkejjil tad-distanzi inkella ma tkunx ezatt. Issa segwi din il-procedura:
1. Iffoka ghajnek fuq il-mira ta lis-scope. Dawwar il-P/A sakem it-target l-iswed ikun kwazi iffukat.
2. Irrepeti u caqlaq bil-moghod il-P/A sakem it-target ikun car cristal.
3. Uwza lapes u ghamel marka zghira fuq il-P/A mal-marka ta’ referenza li ikollok fuq lis-scope.
4. Irrepeti punti 2 u 3. Suppost li il-marka targa tkun flistess punt, kull darba. Jekk ikun hekk tista timmarka id-distanza jew l-MOA min-noti li ghamilt bil-marker. Jekk ma junx dejjem listess immarka u arga prova. Jekk tibqa hekk, aqsam id-differenza u immarka id-distanza jew l-MOA bil-Marker.
5. Irrepeti1-4 bit target l-abjad. Dan suppost jaqgha fl-sitess post biss jekk ma jaqax ghamel nota. Tiffisax ghax ghajnejk jajjew. Meta tikkoncentra fuq it-target, ghajnek automaticament jikkoncentra fuq it-target u mhux il-crosshairs. Ghalhekk inti trid tiffoka ghanejk fuq il-crosshairs u ticcekja malajr kief jidher it-target.
Meta tlesti l-20 metru mexxi it-targets 5 metri aktar il-boghod.
Irrepeti din il-procedura ghal kull 5 metri sa 50 metru kultant iccekja id-distanzi li ga ghamlit biex tkun zgur li xejn ma inbidel. Jekk l-affarjiet inbidlu hu break u prova akter tard. Meta telsti min 20 metru sa 50 metru issa stabilixxi d-distanzi il-qosra kief trid inti. Kief ghadna qabel jekk tissetja l-10 metri u il-15 il metru ikun bizzejed. Distanzi fil-vicin jistaw ikunu difficli, b’hekk ressaq it-target ftit pulzieri kull darba sakem twassalhom fil-post.

Meta tkun lest hu break imbghad ghamel test, bill tpoggi jew ipoggulek targets f’distanzi li inti ma’ tafx id-distanza u prova fittex hu nota u wara ivverifika bir-rutella.
Jekk inti segwat dan il-ktieb u issetjat lis-scope tieghek hekk, inti ghandek setting li kapaci trebhek kompetizjoni. Il-kumplamnet f’idejk. U merhba ghal lis-sport tal-Field target. Hu pjacir.
6. Ballistica Spjegata.

6.1. Ghala .177?
Kief pellet tal-airgun tohrog mil-kanna din tigi suggetta ghal-gravita u tibda taqa ljen l-art. Din hija il-bazi tal-phisika. Hafna nies jahsbu u jemnu ill 0.177 ghandu tragetoria inqas imzaqqa min 0.22. Dan mhux minnhu jew ahjar hija deciszjon mehuda ghad-dritt.
Meta ikollok sahha ta’ 12ftlbs il-velocita ta’ 0.22 ezat mil kanna huwa normalment ta’ 600 peid fis-sekona (600 ft/sec). L-energija hija dirretta mat-toqol tal-pellet u 0.177 huma ihfef mil 0.22. Is-sahha ta’ 12ftlb min rifle li jispara 0.177 jaghtik velocita akbar ta’ bejn wiehed u iehor 800 ft/sec. Bhekk bejn 0.22 u 0.177 li jisparaw bl-istess sahha hemm terz velocita ikbar fuq 0.177, Jekk tillimita il-velocita iz-zewg tragetorji ikun listess jew kwazi. Biss il-0.177 ikun inqas b’sahtu. Imma jekk is-sahha tkun listess ghat-tnejn it-tragetorja tal 0.177 hija vera aktar catta.
Din it-tabella turi x jigri meta 0.177 u 0.22 jigu sparati bil kanna horizontali mal-art. Il-0.177 jaqa 9 pulzieri inqas mill 0.22 f’ 50 metru. Dan ifisser li t-tiratur irrid jissestja lis-scope differenti. Dan iffiser li 0.177 kapaci ikun ghanqas kritiku jekk ikollok zbal fl-ikalkular tad-distanzi.

6.2. Trajectoria Osservata bl-scope issetjata.

Fl-ezempju ta’ qabel ma jurix lis-scope.
I-waqa tal-pellet hija ikkalkulata mil-kanna fic-centru.
Meta tinstalla scope. Il-pjan ta fejn thares lis-scope, huwa il-fuq mil-kanna. Dan jghidulu line of sight (LOS). Kief qadna qabel meta tispara ir-rifle il-pellet tibda tnaqqas il-velocita u tingibed lejn l-art immedjatament. Jekk irridu nolqtu target ezat irridu ngholu il-kanna biex nghollu il punt tal-impat (POI). Dan huwa ezatt x’jigri meta nimmuntaw scope. Inti qed thares drit lejn it-target imma -rifle ikun ippuntat il-fuq lejn lis-scope. Ejja naraw x’ jigri meta inpoggu lis-scope fuq rifle 0.177 b’mounts baxxi.
Ic-centru ta lis-scope huwa pulzier u nofs 1 ½ inch mic-centru tal- kanna u iz-zenith tat-tragetorja hija 22 metru f’dan il-kaz.
Il-pellet tohrog mil kanna 1 ½ inch lisfel mil-LOS. Il-pellet mhux vera qed toghola kief hawn hafna jemnu. Imma il-LOS qed ihares lisfel lejn il-via tal-pellet u b’hekk jintaqaw fiz-zero, li ghal dan il kaz huwa 22 metru, wara il-pellet jibda jaqgha lisfel mil-LOS. B’hekk tahseb li il-pellet qeda toghola. Nistaw nghidu illi il-kanna qed tipponta il-fuq relativiament mal-LOS. Jekk inti izzerowjat iktar min 22 metru u sparajt targets min 5 metri u 50 metru, jekk tkejjel id-distanza atwai bejn il-punt tal-mira u il-punt tal-impat ghal kull distanza ir-risultat ottenu jidher fit-tabela hawn taht. F’Field Target, il-holdover jew under ma’ tantx jintuwza sakhem ma’ jikollokx milldot scope.Din tintuwza minflok nissetjaw it-turret tal-elevation ta’ lis-scope biex dejjem nisparaw centru f’kull distanza. Huwa normali li l-beniedem juwza c-centru tal-crosshair bhala il-punt tal-mira. U ahna nuzaw numru ta clicks differenti biex nghamlu tiri dejjem centru. L-ewwel ma ninotaw fit-tabella hija differenza tal-forma min tabelli ohra ghal waqa min zero. F’dik it tabella hemm ½ pulzier waqa min zero ghal 10 metri u 35 metru. Imma minflok inzommu hold over b’ ½ pulzier ahna nissetjaw l-elevation ghal 10 metri u xorta muhx listess numru ta setting ghal 35 metru. Is-setting ghal-10 metri huwa ezatt bhal dak ta’ 45 metru biss il-holdover huwa bhal dak ta 35 metru.
Dan ghala ?
Dan minhabba dak li jissejah minutes-of-angle.

6.3. Minute-of-Angle (MOA)

Hemm 360 degrees f’ cirku tond. Kull degree hija maqsuma f’60 minutes of angle. (MOA). Hafna mil lis-scopes andhom setting ¼ MOA. Dan ifisser li clikjatura wahda tat-turret fuq dik lis-scope qeda tissetja , quart ta 1/16 ghal kull degree. F’ 100 metru, 1 MOA huwa distanza ta 1.047 inches. Dan huwa maruf bhala 1 inch ghal heffa.
¼ MOA ifisser ¼ inch, f’ 100 metru biss. Jekk tmur iktar il-boghod min 100 metru kull click ikun distanza akbar imma xorta jghidulu ¼ MOA. Jekk inti tnaqqas id-distanza min 100 metru jigri l-oppost. Kull klick ¼ MOA ikun izghar min ¼ inch .F’ 10 metri kull click imexxi il-punt ta’ impat b 1/14 inch jew 0.024 inch.
6.4. Jekk izzid l-gholi ta’ lis-scope.

Hemm zewg ragunijiet ghala tista izzid l-gholi ta lis-scope mal-kanna.
Ir-raguni principlai hija biex izzhom rasek aktar dirtta u tnaqqas it-tensjoni tal-ghonq meta tkun qied bil-qeda.
It-tien raguni hija beneficali f’ tiri f distanzi akbar. It-tiratu izid l-gholi ta’ lis-scope primarjament ghal ewwel ragunitu jibenefika mit-tieni wahda minghajr ma jkun jaf. Fl-ezempju. figure 3 ahna rajna it-tragetorja ta’ 0.177 rifle li qed jahdem b’velocita ta’ 790ft/s, b’ set ta mounts baxxi li jghatu distanza ta 1.5 inches bejn il centru tal kanna u ic-centru ta lis-scope. Fit-tabella li jmiss se naraw se jigri meta lis-scope se nimuntawa b’mounts gholjin biex id-distanza issa tkun ta 2.5 inches Meta inti tintroduci dan lis-scope mar rifle, il-LOS jiltqa mat-tragetorja aktar tard, dan ifissr li iz-zenith issa jsir 27 metru u mhux 22 metru.
Il-waqa min zero sa 50 metru jitnaqqas min -4.2 pulzier ghal -2.9 pulzier. Biss meta nikalkulaw li-kliks li irridu ghal din it-tragetorja naraw dan: Il-clicks min zero sa 50 metru jitnaqsu min 31 ghal 21. Dan jibdel kollox ghax jista ikolna is-settings kolla go dawra wahda tat-turret.

7. Kumpensar ghat-trajetoria bil-holdover.

7.1. Xinhu il- holdover?

Holding-over huwa methodu biex tikkumpensa ghat-tragetorja bill wara li tistabilixxi iz-zero tieghek ma’ tissetjax it-turrets ghal kull tir jew distanza differenti. Imma dan isir bill tikkumpensa u timmira il-fuq jew lisfel mit-target. It-tiratur jista jimmira b’certu ammunt per ezempju izhom il-mira fuq id-dawra ta fuq il hit zone. Dan jirrekjedi li t-tiratur ikun jaf jaraf distanzi qosra bhal pulzier u jikkumpara dan il-qies mal hit zone u id-distanza tat-target.
Il-methodu liehor huwa sempliciment il-methodu ta’ hawn fuq irfinat.
Minflok topggi il-mira ximkien fuq it-target it-tiratur ipoggi parti ohra mil mira fic-centru tat target. Is-salib tan-nofs jitpogga ximkien iehor imma mhux fil-hit zone, imma l-ghajn tiffoka fuq il parti krucjali tat-target. Dan normalment huwa iffacilitat bl-scopes li jissejhu Mil-Dot.

7.2. Miri Multi-Aimpoint jew Mil-dot.

Il-mira standar salib jibda ohxon u jirqa b’salib fin nofs huwa perferut ghal kaccaturi f’distanzi qosra, huwa daqxejn difficli li tuwza dan meta trid tikkumpensa ezat ghat-trajetorja ta’ targets daqsekk zaghar.
Jezistu dawk li jissejhu multi aim jew Mil-dots. Barra il linji li jiffurmaw is-salib tal-mira ikollhom sensila ta’ tikkek spazjati listess fuq il-linji verticali u horizontali. Dawn jghinuk tikkalkula ahjar il-waqa tal-pellet fuq it-target aktar min mira normali.
Mil-dot imma ifisser aktar min hekk. Mal Mil-dots jista ikollok uwkoll linji horizontali . Wiehed min dawn jintuwza ghal bazi taz-zero tieghek. Il-linji ta’ taht hum referenza ghal-distanzi iktar il-boghod miz-zero tieghek, u il-linji ta’ fuq jintuzaw ghaz-zenith tat-tragetoria jekk ma tkunx izzerowjat maz-zenith.

7.3. Zeroing meta tuwza il-holdover

L-ewwel haga li trid tikkonsidra hija id-distanza li se tuwza ghaz-zero jew id-distaza li tikkonicida mac-centru tal-mira. Wara hija semplici procedura li tuwza zeroing boards min 10 sa 50 metru u tissetja il-mira tieghek ghal kull distanza biex intin titghalem liemha part tal-mira trid tpoggi fic-centru tat-target f’distanzi differenti biex tolqot ic-centru.
Meta tuwza il-holdover mhux daqsek importanti li ikollok lis-scope fic-centru ottiku bhal meta isir “dailing-in” biss mhix haga hazina jekk taghamila. Ma’ ghandekx ghalfejn tuwza 10m imma uwza id-distanza taz-zero ghax inti mintix se iccaqlaq din jekk mhux biex terga tghamel jew issib iz-zero. Hawn taht hawn ezempju li juri kief il- Mil-dot jintuza ghal miri differenti bejn 8 meteri sa 50 metru. Dan mhux ezempju prattiku imma biex jghatik idea. Importanti li min juza dan il-metodu juwza dejjem l-istess magnifikazjoni ghax jekk tvarja din ivarjalek fejn tolqot.

CO2 Facts.

Here are some facts about CO2 and its behaviour in extreme temperatures.

CO2 gas can be compressed into liquid CO2 at relatively low pressure and temperature.

CO2 inside a new container (powerlet) exists in liquid form. Above this liquid CO2 the is a layer of CO2 vapour or gas.

The pressure remains constant in CO2 powerlets until there is still liquid CO2. However the pressure inside a CO2 varies with temperature. The higher the temperature the higher the CO2 vapour pressure. The lower the temperature the lower the CO2 pressure.

In extreme cold or extreme hot weather conditions a CO2 pistols or rifle may tend to give you problems due to the pressure inside the powerlet.

In extreme cold (not likely in Malta :) ) the pressure may be too low for the air pistol to propel the pellet. Thus there is loss of velocity and power. The power can be so low that the pellet might jam in the barrel.

In extrem hot situations (very likely in Malta ) the pressure build up at around 30 Degree Celsius inside the CO2 powerlet can be around 85 Bar. The pistol might not be designed to operate at this pressure. This will result in the hammer bouncing over the valve. Due to the pressure the hammer will not have the force to open fully the valve. Thus the shot has low CO2 flow hence low velocity or pressure or erratic functioning some times they do not function at all or some features such as blow back do not work.

The best way to over come hot weather is to keep C02 powerlets cool overnight in the refrigirator. Then wrap them in a towel and keep away from direct sunlight till you can use them.

In extreme cold weather do not allow the powerlets to freeze and give at least 15 sec between shoots. Shooting rapidly with CO2 will further cool the powerlet and valve since this is a property of expanding gasses.

Articles.

Any MASC member who wishes to submit any technical article, personal review on equipment or personal customization of equipment please contact stanleys@mail.global.net.mt

Effects of wind in FT.

EFFECTS OF WEATHER

For the FT shooter, the effects of weather are one of the main causes of error in the strike of the pellet. Wind, temperature, and humidity affect the pellet, the shooter, or both. Some effects are minor; however all effects must be considered.

WIND CLASSIFICATION
Wind poses the biggest problem for the FT shooter. The effect that wind has on the pellet increases with range. This is due mainly to the slowing of the pellet's velocity combined with a longer flight time. This allows the wind to have a greater effect on the pellet as distances increase. The result is a loss of stability.

a. Wind also has a considerable effect on the shooter. The stronger the wind, the more difficult it is for him to hold the rifle steady. This can be partly offset by training, conditioning and the use of supported positions.

b. Since the shooter must know how much effect the wind will have on the pellet, he must be able to classify the wind. The best method is to use the clock system (Figure 1). With the shooter at the center of the clock and the target at 12 o'clock, the wind is assigned three values: full, half, and no value. Full value means that the force of the wind will have a full effect on the flight of the pellet. These winds come from 3 and 9 o'clock. Half value means that a wind at the same speed, but from 1,2,4,5,7,8, 10, and 11 o'clock, will move the pellet only half as much as a full-value wind. No value means that a wind from 6 or 12 o'clock will have little or no effect on the flight of the pellet.

fig.1

WIND VELOCITY
Before adjusting the sight or determine holdover to compensate for wind, the shooter must determine wind direction and velocity. He may use certain indicators to accomplish this. These are range flags, smoke, trees, grass, rain, and the sense of feel.
a. A common method of estimating the velocity of the wind is to watch the range flag (Figure 2). The shooter determines the angle between the flag and pole, in degrees, then divides by the constant number 4. The result gives the approximate velocity in miles per hour.

fig 2

b. If no flag is visible, the shooter holds a piece of paper, grass, cotton, or some other light material at shoulder level, then drops it. He then points directly at the spot where it lands and divides the angle between his body and arm by the constant number 4. This gives him the approximate wind velocity in miles per hour.

c. If these methods cannot be used, the following information is helpful in determining velocity.d. Basically at force 6 on the Beaufort Scale it is unlikely that you are going to shoot let alone force 7 and over. The Beaufort scale goes up to 12 Hurricane 95mph winds.

How to determine hold over for wind speeds.
This is difficult, experience and training play a part, however with new technologies this is easier. Computer software can give you quite accurate simulations on the effect of the pellet in winds. One of this programs is Chairgun. Already made reference to it in the Scope adjustment document.Below are actual figures of the effect o f a 0.22 (14.4 grain) pellet with power 13.5ft/lb on a wind range of 5km/h to 45km/h, quite common in Malta. This is the maximum deviation if the wind is constant and in the worst case (full value - see clock method above).

The deviation on a 0.177 pellet with less weight and the same power will be even more.
The best is to avoid the wind, especially the gusts. Wait or time the gusts before you pull the trigger is also an option.

MASC Technical Document. Air Rifle scope adjustment for FT.

Facts about air rifle scopes.
There a various types of air rifle scopes on the market. There is also a huge variation in price, quality and specification. In FT you will be engaging targets of 40mm (4cm) diameter at a range between 10m and 50m.

Typical FT target ( Yellow disk is 40mm in diameter.

Remember that the rifle scope you wish to purchase must be suitble for air rifles if you possess a spring air rifle. Spring air rifles have a recoil pattern that some rifle scopes cannot withstand. The result is that the cross hairs will be damaged.

It is also important to understand the specification of a rifle scope.
If the following specification is shown 8-16 X 50 this means that the scope has zoom adjustment from x8 to x16 times and that 50 is referring to the lens objective diameter which in this case is 50mm.
There is also sometimes reference to tube diameter 1 in or 30mm.
1 inch is 2.5cm and 30mm is 3 cm. As a rule of thumb the bigger the objective lens and tube diameter the more light reach your eye thus a better quality image. As a rule of thumb for FT you also need zoom capability at least x18 maximum. The lenses are part and parcel of the price.

A scope without zooming capability example 4x44 which means 4x zoom and 44mm objective diameter will not be suitable for FT sport nor would a 24x50. You will have difficulties in determining the range of the target. You will encounter difficulties in seeing the target with low zoom scopes at long ranges and difficulties in focusing on short range targets with high zoom fixed scopes.

Another specification for scopes is Minute of Angle. The scopes are usually displaying this as ¼ inch at 100 yards or 1/8 inch at 100 yards. For FT this does not make a huge difference since the targets are at maximum 55 yards of 50 meters. This means that 1 click on the turret will shift the POI ¼ or 1/8 inch at 100 yards. The difference is that a 1/8 inch at 100 yards scope has more fine setting then a ¼ inch scope.

The reticule of the scope can be Mil dot, fine cross hair, or other pattern. Selection depends on your choice. A Mil dot has an advantage. Dots are spaced on the vertical and horizontal cross hair and help for hold over calculation.

Other less important features on scope which add the value and comfort but not the accuracy is the focusing ring if situated on the objective or at the side next to the turrets. Sometimes this is adjusted by a side wheel which has finer tuning on the focusing.

The turret design also differs from turrets that have to be adjusted by screw driver or coin to sniper type turrets that can be adjusted without tools and also reposition of the markers.

Nitrogen filled scopes are designed not to fog up. Illuminated reticules improve cross hair vision in low light conditions. Sun shades remove glare in sunny days. You may get confused so check the scope specifications and consult your club mates for a good advice.

Mounts.

1. Mounts are very important in the setup of a scope.
2. The mounts diameter must match your scope tube diameter.
3. The mounts must ensure that the scope does not touch the air rifle barrel.
4. The height of the mounts must be selected in a way that you head alignment is natural i.e. against the stock without the need to creep or hover to find the objective bell.
5. There are low, medium, high and adjustable mounts on the market consult your dealer.
6. There must be sufficient eye relief around 4inch or 10cm between your eye and objective bell.

Mounting the Mounts.
1. Remove the screws from the top scope clamping mounts and set them aside.
2. Unscrew the side clamps enough to slide the mounts over the dove tail on your air rifle.
3. Set them in a position where you estimate the scope will stand. It is important to support the scope on the mounts at the furthest points possible for stability. Estimate the eye relief and tighten slightly the mounts side clamps.
4. Place the scope over the mounts and replace the top clamps. Install the screws only finger tight.
5. Take the seating position and lift the rifle to your cheek take aim. Adjust the position of the scope until you do not need to struggle to acquire the image. The image is correct when a crisp bright image is obtained. Once this is acquired tighten the side clamps followed by the top clamps.
6. Remember to tighten evenly and without excessive force as damage to the scope tube might occur.
7. Later we will align the vertical cross hair.

Adjusting the eye bell focus.
1. Due to difference in eye sight between people the objective eye bell has an adjustment. This adjustment is required so that you see a sharp clear cross hair.
2. Put the scope zoom ring on infinity (∞).
3. Point the scope to clear bright sky (not the sun).
4. Adjust the eye bell adjustment ring until the cross hair looks sharp and black as possible.

Various types of reticules.

Turret Optical Center.
1. It is important to place the turrets in their optical center before attempting adjustments.
2. If the turrets have dust covers remove them to reach the adjust mechanism.
3. Start with the elevation turret, Turn the turret fully to the left until it stops clicking do not force any turn once it stops it stops.
4. Now start rotating it to the right and count the number of turns until it stops. If it turns 6 ½ turns, turn the turret 3 ¼ turns to the left i.e. the middle point.
5. Repeat the same procedure on the windage turret.
6. In this way the turrets are set to the Optical center.

Sniper type turrets

Coin set turrets.

Setting Optical Center at Optimum Range.
(Note: The following settings through out this document is directed towards an air rifle that can deliver 12 ft/lb power. In WFTF rules the maximum power is not to exceed 11.5 ft/lb. Local legislation differ from country to country. Respect your legislation.)

1. For FT the most critical distance is 50m. Now its time to head down the range since you need a 50m of firing distance.
2. Set a target at 10m, for most air rifles 10m have the same impact point POI as 50m.
3. The target needs to be a simple sheet of white paper with a cross + in the middle.
4. Do not touch the turrets. Just focus the objective lens until the cross + is looking sharp. Rest the air rifle on bi pod or padded rest. Aim at the center of the cross + and shoot 1 pellet.
5. Most probably the pellet will hit low or to the sides do not worry about this.
6. Shoot another 3 pellets at the center of the cross + to check out the consistency or grouping. Grouping is determined by rifle accuracy, the pellet and the consistency of the shot. For the time being make sure that if you have a PCP air rifle it is filled according to manufacturer specifications. Use the same pellet type through out the exercise.
7. Now we will concentrate on the windage adjustment only. Remove the dust covers and turn the windage turret a number of clicks in the direction of the POI. You have to do this by trial and error so count the clicks. For every setting fire 3 pellets until you walk in the pellets on the vertical line of the cross +. Always aim central to the cross +.
8. This is not critical at this stage and can be fine tuned later.

Vertical POI and shimming.
1. If the vertical POI is more then 2 inches or 50mm below the aim point (cross +) at 10m, then you need to bring up the rear of the scope to meet the aim point.
2. If the POI is more the 2 inches or 50mm above the aim point (cross +) at 10m, then you need to bring the front of the scope to meet the aim point.
3. You can do this by shimming (old Film negative is perfect) the scope tube between it and the mount.
4. Mark the mount positions on the dove tail with a pencil. Unlock the side clamps and slide the scope of the rifle.
5. Mark the position of the top clamp you need to shim on the scope tube.
6. Unlock slightly the top clamp until you can fit two pieces of film strip cut to size between the lower scope tube and mount.
Shimming between scope tube and mount.
7. Reposition and re tighten the top clamp.
8. Slide the scope and mounts on the dovetail and re tighten the side clamps.
9. Place the simple target with cross + at 10m, aim at the center of the cross. If now the pellet strikes within 1 inch or 2.5cm above or below the line, then it is time to check the 50m setting. If the 1 inch parameter is still not reached you need to shim more or remove shims depending on POI.
10. Now set a plain white paper target at 50m and draw a thick horizontal line ( pellet size) from left to right of your target.
11. Now focus your lens on the line from a support (bi pod or padded rest) shoot a group of 3 pellets. It does not matter if the fall left or right of the aim point. Concentrate on the vertical line. If the pellets fall more the 4 in (10cm) above or below the line it is advisable to add or remove shim material.
12. If you manage 2 inch (50cm) above or below the line the scope will be performing in its best even a long ranges.

Alignment of the vertical and horizontal cross hair to the air rifle.
1. For this exercise you need a length of bright cord and a weight attached at the bottom. Hang the cord at 10 m and let the cord to find its rest. You also require a small spirit level with air bubble.
2. Rest the rifle on bi pod or padded rest.
3. Focus the objective lens on the cord.
4. Place the level on a flat part of the rifle and rotate the rifle until it is level to the ground. Find a flat surface to do this.
5. Check the cord is parallel to the cross hair. If not correct then mark position of scope tube with mount then loose the top clamps just enough to rotate the scope body align the cross hair and re tighten.
6. Always check the level during this operation.
7. You can use a small steel ruler instead of the spirit level check that the vertical line is parallel to the cord while the horizontal line is parallel to the ruler.

Final Windage adjustment.
1. The best final windage adjustment can only be done at 50m with no wind. This can be an impossible task sometimes to find the best day, and 50m indoor ranges are not easy to find. For this purpose if the windage has to be adjusted for the first time it can also be done in the field at 15m with the least wind possible. At this range the shot is steadier and least effected by slight winds.
2. Place a white paper target at 15m and draw a thick vertical from top to bottom of target.
3. Aim at the center of the line a shoot a pellet.
4. Adjust your windage turret to left or right depending if you fall left or right to the vertical line.
5. Aim at the pellet mark and shoot another pellet. Continue shooting and adjusting until you will walk the pellets on the vertical line.
6. When you are sure that the pellets are not deflecting to the left or right of the line shoot a couple of pellets along the line to check the impact.
7. This completes the initial windage setting.
8. Remember that wind effects the POI. A side wind of 5km will deviate the POI left or right according to the direction of the wind. A 0.177 pellet from a 12ft/lb rifle has more deviation then a 0.22 pellet from a 12 ft/lb rifle.
The deviation is larger as the wind grows stronger.
Back wind tendency is to raise the POI, front wind tendency is to lower the POI. The wind effect have to be mastered by experience. A software tool like Chairgun can help you understand the effects of your POI in different wind speeds. It is important to observe the wind direction and strength at the target location. This is one of the challenging yet most difficult aspects of FT sport.

Final Elevation adjustment.
1. At this point you have to decide on your zeroing POI. This means the range at which the pellet will strike the target without having to compensate for POI. The ideal POI range is between 30m and 35m for a 12ft/lb air rifle.
2. Back on the range place a white target card at 30 or 35 meters and draw a black thick line (pellet width) horizontally. Aim at the line and shoot a pellet from a bi pod or padded rest.
3. If the pellet strikes above or below the line make adjustment to the elevation trial by trial and error count the clicks.
4. Aim at the pellet strike mark and fire another pellet. Repeat and adjust until you will walk the pellets on the horizontal line. When you are sure that the pellets do not deflect above or below the horizontal line fire a number of pellets along the line to check your work.
5. This completes your elevation adjustment to the zero POI.

Consistency.
An important aspect in FT is consistency of your shot. The consistency is determined by the following factors.
a. Your air rifle accuracy and power.
b. Air pressure in PCP air rifles.
c. Seal and spring condition in spring air rifles.
d. The type of pellet.
e. Scope quality.
f. Elements – mainly wind and temperature.

These 4 factors need to be narrowed as much as possible to acquire the constant shot. A good quality scope and air rifle are an investment if you want to practice FT sport.

The next important issue is the pellet. There is nothing wrong with exploring pellets but then stick with the same pellet type, brand and weight. FT pellets are dome head design type, pointed or wad cutters are not accurate nor designed for FT.

Pellet selection

Changing a pellet brand means a change in weight and design means that you need to readjust your scope settings. This is because the weight and shape of pellet in conjunction with the air pressure or spring force of your air rifle determines the power and trajectory, therefore the POI.

Hearth of Fill for PCP.
PCP air rifles are filled with compressed air. The norm is around 200Bar however this is specified by the maker. Each PCP air rifle has its own pattern of operation. At high pressure a non regulated PCP air rifle firing mechanism will not be able to open full for the required time the firing valve. Thus the power of the shot will be less. In spring type air rifles the consistency is the same providing that the seal and spring condition are kept the same.

As the air pressure reduces in PCP’s the valve will start to operate fully. As the air pressure reduces more the power will again start to deteriorate. There is a pattern where by the air rifle will reach a pattern where the pellet power and speed is considered constant (deviation of +/- 10 feet / second). This is called “hearth of fill”. In order to establish this “hearth of fill” zone you need to do a particular exercise which involves also a chronometer. A chronometer is an apparatus that measures the speed of the moving pellet. Some chronometer also has the facility to enter the pellet weight and calculate the power of the shot.

To perform a this exercise you need to fill up the air rifle to the manufacturer specification, mount the chronometer and fire pellets, taking the power and speed readings of each pellets from full till when the power drops say till 10 ft/lb. You should also monitor the pressure of the air rifle in groups of 10 pellets. Once all this data is available you have to do the following.

Data table.

Take the average speed and power for each group of 10 pellets.
Plot the average speed and power of the group against the pressure for that group. You will end up with a curve. The flat part of the curve will be where the deviation is not more then 10 feet / second. Mark the area and see the pressure at which this will start and end. From this you determine the number of shots with a consistent power, speed and also the best air pressure at which to fill and refill to gain these shots.

Plot for pellet speed and power aginst air pressure in the PCP air rifle.

Ideally you will repeat the scope elevation and windage zeroing process within this “ hearth of fill” for the finest set up. Once you have fine tuned the zeroing within the heart of fill now you are ready to determine the trajectory of your preferred pellet within the “heart of fill”.

For spring air rifles this is not required however it would be ideal to chronograph your air rifle to understand the speed and power of your air rifle with one or different pellet types.

Establish your pellet trajectory.
The FT range is between 10m and 50m. You will need plain targets with a simple cross + set at 5m intervals between 10 and 50 meters.
Rest the rifle on bi pod or padded rest. Focus on the 1st target at 5m and aim at the center of the cross +. Fire 1 pellet. You can repeat with 3 pellets to establish a group but always aim at the center of the cross +. Repeat this for all the targets from 10m to 50m. When your are ready mark the target papers with the distance and collect them.

If you fired 3 shot groups find the center between the 3 shots and measure this to the center of the cross + for each target. If your zero POI was 35m, then that target should have the pellets in the center of the cross + if the set up was done correctly. The other ranges will be higher or lower the center of the cross. Plot a graph with those values as described below.

On the x axis plot meters from 0 till 50 meters in 5 meter intervals.
On the y axis plot deviation from cm or inches from 0. Above the x axis line plus values. Below the x axis the negative values. Negative values are those hits below the cross +. Positive values are those hits above the cross +.

Take the first card at 10m and measure the POI from the cross +. Plot the value of the POI the vertical line representing the 10m do this for all the distances. You will end with points of impact from 10 to 50m in steps of 5m. Join the points by a curve. Measure from center of barrel to center of scope. If this is for example 5cm make a point on y axis at -5cm at 0 meters. Join this point to the 1st point on the 10m. With graph you know exactly how much hold over is required to hit the centers of the crosses + at these distances with your air rifle and pellet.

Tragectory path of the air gun pellet.

Now you can prove this out on the range. Fill up the air rifle with the air pressure that represents the hearth of fill. Place the cards again from 5 to 50 meters and now use the trajectory chart.

If for example the 20m has a POI of 2cm above the cross it means that to hit the center of the cross + at 20m you need to aim 2cm lower then the center of the cross +. If for the 40m cross + your POI was 3cm lower then the center of the cross + this means you need to hold over 3 cm over the cross center, if it was an FT metal knock down 1 cm above the 40mm central metal disk will do the job.

The FT target hit zone is a 40mm disk in the center of a plate which normally has a geometric shape (diamond, circle and square). The hit zone has a different color then the face plate. Hitting the center disk will knock the target down acquiring you points. Thus now you need to calculate where you need to aim to hit this zone at various ranges. A tool that helps is a Mildot reticule. The mildots will represent different centers on the reticule.

It is up to you either to memories the holdover or you can also make a hold over table and use it during FT competition or matches.

Further investigation.
If you like to experiment scientifically you should download a very good software to calculate the trajectory of air rifles called Chairgun.
You will be able to experiment all possibilities .
Link to Chairgun Web Page.

Range Finding.
In FT you must learn to determine the range of your target. By visual calculation this requires time and practice to master. Another method is by the use of the objective focus lens.

To perform this you need to set your zoom to the maximum so that the target can be spot focused. The less zoom the sharper the image so fine focus will be rather difficult.

Use your objective lens to focus on the target. Scopes have ranges marked on the scope objective lens ring usually from 10 yard till ∞ in various steps.

An exercise worth doing is to place markers at 5 m intervals from 10m to 50m. Set the air rifle on a bench rest or bi pod focus on the markers 1 by one and note the lens ring position according to distance. You are allowed to mark the scope ring for the set distances for your quick reference.

Some scopes have also markers to determine FT target range, these are optical devices and need human judgment so they are all legal and accepted in FT. In FT you cannot use electronic range finders. These make use of a laser beam which is shot to the target surface. The beam is reflected back to the range finder. The speed of the beam is known and the time it takes to leave and return the unit is measured. The combination of this result in a very accurate estimation of the distance.

An electronic range finder.

The 1 million dollar question. 0.177 or 0.22 ?
This scientific fact is that 0.177 pellet is lighter then a 0.22 caliber.
The pellet weight, spring force or air pressure plus the pellet air resistance coefficient will result in power of the pellet and speed at which it leaves the barrel.

If the same air rifle is used to fire a 0.177 and a 0.22 without changes to air flow, volume and spring force, a 0.177 will leave the air rifle faster then a 0.22. The power will also be different. Since the 0,177 is lighter it will travel faster and since it is lighter there is less aerodynamic friction and gravity affect thus the trajectory of a 0.177 is flatter then a 0.22.

If we had to experiment a the 0.177 pellet and 0.22 pellet had the same weight using the same air rifle. The result will be still in favor to 0.177 since the air resistance is lower.

If the pellet weights are left original and the speed of the pellet leaving the barrel is the same. The 0,22 pellet will hit the same target with a higher power then the 0.177.

The conclusion is the 0.177 has a flatter trajectory whilst a 0.22 retains more the impact power. The decision is up to you. The important issue is to understand your air rifle and master the trajectory of your pellet against your scope.

Elevation turret marking vs range.
It is possible with the above exercises to even mark the elevation and windage turrets to avoid hold over. This is a technique used by military snipers. Basically if your zero is 35m and the position of the turret is marked knowing the POI at 30 or other distance the exact number of clicks up or down can be calculate to hit the target at 30m or any other distance without compensating in hold over.
This document does not refer much to this since in FT sport this is not allowed. Touching or repositioning of the turrets during FT match means disqualification. You are only allowed to variations of zoom magnification and focusing the main lens and eye relief focus bell.